WORKS OF ALBERT EINSTEIN

WORKS OF ALBERT EINSTEIN

•       The first of his articles of 1905 was titled “A heuristic point of view on the production and transformation of light”.
•       The fourth in degree of importance, is closely related, with the article on molecular theory. It is a very elaborate piece of statistical mechanics.
•       On the motion required by the molecular kinetic theory of the heat of small particles suspended in a stationary liquid, covered his studies on Brownian. motion.
•      "On the electrodynamics of moving bodies"). In this article Einstein introduced the theory of special relativity by studying the movement of bodies and electromagnetism in the absence of the force of gravitational interaction.

Albert Einstein a Nobel laureate and probably the world’s greatest theoretical physicist ever played a significant role in revolutionizing the understanding of Physics all over the world. 

Among Albert Einstein's best works are:

Theory of relativity and E = mc²

Albert Einstein is known all over the world for the famous equation – E = mc². One may not really know what the theory actually is but the fact that it was Einstein behind it is recognized universally. He published a paper “Zur Elektrodynamik bewegter Körper” i.e, ‘On the Electrodynamics of Moving Bodies’ in September 1905. It brings together Maxwell’s equations for both electricity and magnetism with the world of Quantum Mechanics. This theory explained in the paper was later christened as Einstein’s Special Theory of Relativity. He was the one who developed both the special and general theories of Relativity. It wasn’t accepted with ease and was rather contentious for several years before being accepted by the scientific fraternity.

Quantized atomic vibrations

Albert Einstein proposed the Einstein Solid Model where if each atom is a lattice in an independent 3D quantum harmonic oscillator and all atoms oscillate with the same frequency; each atom oscillated independently. This model showed that Quantum Mechanics could actually solve the specific heat in Classical Mechanics. It was proposed by Albert Einstein in the year 1907 using the Planck’s quantization assumption.

Wormholes

It is a concept which is depicted by Einstein-Rosen Bridge way back in 1935. Wormhole, in physics, is a hypothetical feature of space and time continuum that is a path through the continuum itself. Though there are no practical proofs for the same; in spite of this ample evidence exists theoretically to validate the conjecture of their existence. It is a derivative of Einstein’s theory of relativity and basically is a space-time curvature which joins two different and far-off times or places.

Unified field theory

Einstein illustrated the ‘Unified Field Theory’ in his paper ‘On the Generalized Theory of Gravitation’ in the year 1950. It was his vision to unify gravity with other laws of Physics and hence the endeavor towards this theory. He worked through most of the latter part of his career on this but his efforts were unsuccessful. He was so deeply engrossed in it that other significant advances and events in mainstream physics were ignored by him. Basically the Unified Field Theory was a series of experiments conducted by him to accommodate electromagnetism in his geometric theory of gravitation.

Adiabatic principle and action-angle variables

The 1910s was a decade when a lot of transformation and discoveries unfolded in the field of Quantum Mechanics. The principles of Quantum Mechanics developed by Einstein formed the basis of Neils Bohr’s explanation of the motion of electrons in atoms and the periodic table of the elements. Einstein showed in 1911 that the adiabatic principle orchestrated by Wilhelm Wien showed that the quantity that has been quantized in a mechanical motion must be an adiabatic variant.

General relativity and the Equivalence Principle

The tool of modern Astrophysics; General Relativity is a Gravitational Theory that was developed by Albert Einstein in the years between 1907 and 1915. The observed gravitational attraction between masses is a result of the warping of space and time by those masses. This theory forms the basis of the present perception of Black Hole. Einstein published an article in the year 1908 where he explained the Equivalence Principle which says that the rules of special relativity applies for a free falling observer as free fall is an inertial motion. In accurate scientific terms as put forth by Albert Einstein Equivalence principle states that the weak equivalence principle holds, and that ‘The outcome of any local non-gravitational experiment in a freely falling laboratory is independent of the velocity of the laboratory and its location in spacetime.’

Schrödinger gas model

The man behind Schrödinger gas model was not only Schrödinger himself but Albert Einstein too. However the latter declined a request from Schrödinger to have his name included as co-author for the paper. Albert Einstein suggested Schrödinger to treat energy levels of a gas as a whole instead of treating them as individual molecules; an extension of the application of Planck’s idea. Using Einstein’s idea, Schrödinger derived the thermodynamic properties of a semi classical ideal gas using the Boltzmann distribution in a paper.

Bose–Einstein statistics

Commonly known as B-E statistics; it is a property in Quantum Statistics which illustrates one of the ways of how a collection of indistinguishable particles may occupy a set of available discrete energy states. These very statistics are used in present day to describe the behavior of a collection of bosons. In 1924 Satyendra Nath Bose presented to Einstein a statistical model which was translated and submitted by the latter. The Bose-Einstein Condensate phenomenon was also derived around that time. The Bose-Einstein statistics apply only to particles that do not follow Pauli Exclusion Principle.

Wave–particle duality:

All particles exhibit both wave and particle properties is what is stated by Wave Particle Duality. An important concept of Quantum Mechanics; this is a paradox and is often described as a basic Universal property. Albert Einstein presented a paper in 1909 where he first provided explanation for the Wave-particle duality. Infact the photon concept was derived out of this paper. Einstein postulated that electrons can receive energy from electromagnetic field only in discrete portions.

Photons and energy quanta:

Albert Einstein proposed that light consists of localized particles in a paper in the year 1905.This idea was rejected by scientists all round the fraternity including Planck and Neils Bohr and it wasn’t until the year 1919 that it was actually accepted after Robert Millikan’s detailed experiments. It was concluded by Albert Einstein that each wave of frequency f is associated with a collection of photons with energy hf each, where h is Planck’s constant. This went on to explain the Photoelectric effect and several experimental results. It was for his discovery of the law of the photoelectric effect that Einstein was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1921.

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ALBERT EINSTEIN'S BIOGRAPHY

ALBERT EINSTEIN'S BIOGRAPHY

Albert Einstein (1879-1955). Physicist and mathematician German, nationalized Swiss and later American. He was one of the most controversial geniuses of all time, which revolutionized our perception of the universe. Extravagant and distracted but also a simple man, he became deeply interested in the affairs of the world and had faith in the greatness of the human being. His infinite desire for understanding and thirst for insatiable knowledge led him to make the most important discoveries that would revolutionize science, Philosophy and the world of physics.

The creator of the theory of relativity, was born in the city of Ulm (Wuttemberg, Germany) on March 14, 1879. He was the eldest son of Hermann Einstein and Pauline Koch, both Jews, from Swabia.

Einstein had a difficult childhood, but his father and uncle Jakob Einstein, who had moved with the family to Munich and established in that city as traders in the Electrotechnical news of the time, encouraged him from an early age to become interested in mathematics and science. While still a child and during his stay in Munich, he attended first-year studies at the Catholic institute, where his grades were not very high.Introverted and self-absorbed, slow intellectual development, he found it difficult to make friends because of his character Withdrawn and shy, although some biographers assert that he also suffered from dyslexia, reason why he was seen by his teachers as a difficult student and little given to integrate into his group. His childhood partner was a violin and he also liked to compose melodies on his mother's piano.

In 1894, due to economic difficulties, his father moved to Pavia, Italy, near the city of Milan. Meanwhile Albert remained in Germany to finish high school, which concluded with mediocre qualifications, except in mathematics. The following year he met his parents.

Later the family sent him to study in Switzerland, receiving in 1896 the diploma of graduate of the Federal Polytechnic University, of the city of Zurich, where he was student of the mathematician Hermann Minkowski, who later generalized the four-dimensional formalism introduced by the theories of his old student.

In 1900 he graduated from high school teacher in mathematics and physics at that Swiss university and in 1901 adopted the citizenship of that country. Despite trying to work as a teacher, the road was difficult, because his teaching methods were considered heterodox, which caused him to lose three jobs.

On June 23, 1902 Einstein began to serve as a technical expert at the Swiss Patent Office in Berne, where he worked until 1909. In 1903, he married Mileva Maric, a young Serbian former classmate in Zurich, with whom A year earlier he had had a daughter whom they called Liserl. After their marriage they had two other children, Hans Albert and Eduard, born respectively in 1904 and 1910. In 1919 Einstein divorced Mileva and later married his cousin Elsa.

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ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

Acknowledgments of Albert Einstein

Nobel Prize in Physics (1921)

Copley Medal (1925)

Max Planck Medal (1929)

Medal Matteucci (1921)

Franklin Medal (1935) - Full cast and crew

Gold Medal of the Royal Astronomical Society (1926)

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PHRASES OF ALBERT EINSTEIN

Phrases of Albert Einstein

“How can it be that mathematics, being after all a product of human thought which is independent of experience, is so admirably appropriate to the objects of reality? Is human reason, then, without experience, merely by taking thought, able to fathom”

“You have to learn the rules of the game. And then you have to play better than anyone else”.

“You cannot simultaneously prevent and prepare for war.”

“You ask me if I keep a notebook to record my great ideas. I’ve only ever had one”

“Yes, we have to divide up our time like that, between our politics and our equations. But to me our equations are far more important, for politics are only a matter of present concern. A mathematical equation stands forever”.

“Human beings, vegetables, or comic dust, we all dance to a mysterious tune, intoned in the distance by an invisible player”

“How strange is the lot of us mortals! Each of us is here for a brief sojourn;for what purpose we know not, though sometimes sense it. But we know from daily life that we exist for other people first of all for whose smiles and well-being our own happiness depends”

“He who can no longer pause to wonder and stand rapt in awe, is as good as dead; his eyes are closed”.

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THEORY OF RELATIVITY

THEORY OF RELATIVITY

The theory of special relativity, formulated by Albert Einstein in 1905, is one of the most important scientific advances in history. It altered our way of conceiving space, energy, time and even had philosophical repercussions, eliminating the possibility of an absolute space / time in the universe.

It is complemented by the theory of general relativity, published in 1915, which is somewhat more complex and which seeks to combine Newtonian dynamics with part of the consequences of the first special theory.

With the theory of special relativity, humanity understood that what until now had taken for granted that it was a constant, time, was actually a variable. Not only that, but space was also, and that both depended, in a new space-time conjunction, of speed.

Luis Álvarez-Gaumé, director of the theoretical physics group at CERN, explains in a telephone conversation:

The most important thing is to understand how time actually depends on movement, on speed. That's what changed everything.

Einstein was based on two hypotheses:

1.     The laws of physics are the same as long as the reference system is the same and inertial. That is, they both move at a constant speed. If a law is enforced in one system, it must also be enforced in the other.

2.     The speed of light is a universal constant, defined as c. That it was constant had been demonstrated some years before other two great scientists, Michelson and Morley.

But to get to the famous E = mc2 before we have to understand two very important concepts: on the one hand what exactly is relativity and on the other hand understand space-time and how to define what are known as lines of universe. Finally, although we will not deduce the mathematical steps necessary to reach the equation, we will see the consequences that it has and how it relates to the theory of general relativity. Let's go there.

¿What is relativity?

The situation that Einstein imagined has been used and explained to the fullest in schools and physics books. Imagine a train and two individuals, one of them is mounted in the same and another sees him pass at full speed from the edge of the road. The train moves at 200 kilometers per hour.

One moment, does it move? insurance? Yes and not at the same time. For the person sitting inside the train does not move, it is quiet. It only moves for the person at the edge of the road. It is something, indeed, relative.

Einstein later imagined that someone throws a ball at 20 kilometers per hour forward inside the train. For the person inside the ball moves at that speed but for the person who is down that ball moves, however, to 220 (200 + 20) kilometers per hour.

That is when it comes to remembering that the speed of light is constant, and it is when we begin to understand that something does not fit completely with the concept that time is also. Since the speed of light is always the same, when returning to the example of the train and the person inside if instead of throwing a ball lights a flashlight projecting a beam of light forward, the person below does not see that Propagate at the speed of light + 200 km / h, the propagates to the velvet light, no more, no matter how fast or how slow the train is, because it is simply a constant.

To understand the concept a bit better, let's look at the following example. It shows two photons of light bouncing infinitely between two mirrors and taking a time x to go from one to another.

 Space-time

In the words of Luis Álvarez Gaumé:

The revolution of the theory of relativity is that it creates a cone of light, both forward in time, and behind. Since what defines the limits of that cone is the speed of light and no particle can overcome it, nothing that happens can be outside the limits of the same.

That cone describes the observer moving through the hypersurface which is the present. "Up" are the events of the future, which is going to happen. Any possibility or fact has to occur within that cone. Below are the events that have happened to you.

Gaumé adds: "And be careful, it's not that things do not happen outside of that cone, they do happen, they just can not affect you. So that they could affect you have to overcome the speed of light. The cone is independent of the observer's movement speed. That's what forces time to depend on the state of the movement. "

The cone delimits events that may have an effect on others. The line of the universe is the union of the infinity of points corresponding to all that has happened in your life. Always inside the cone.

E = mc2

E = mc2 comes from a series of equations that, due to the more accessible character of this post, it does not make sense to explain here although for those who have average knowledge of physics and mathematics there is a fairly good explanation here. To get to the equation it is necessary to take into account two important laws:

Law of conservation of linear momentum: what basically means that when two objects collide at different velocity (and therefore different linear momentum) the result of the sum of both objects must have the same value before and after.

The famous law of conservation of energy: Energy is neither created nor destroyed, only transformed. It changes from one form of energy to another.

The really interesting thing about the equation is that it directly relates mass and energy. They are transformable. And even Einstein no one had noticed and thought they were independent things.

Explain it a little better: say a log burning in a fireplace. Once it has burned if we add the mass corresponding to all the ashes plus the gases that it has emitted, we would appreciate that the total mass has diminished, although it is minuscule. That mass is the one that has been transformed into energy, the heat of combustion.

In the case of firewood it is not very efficient, but in the case of nuclear power plants, for example, it is much larger and that is why we use it for the production of energy.

Although it is already flesh of another post, the way in which energy, mass and space-time are related is what is known as General Relativity Theory. And that's where gravity comes into play. However, the theory of relativity considers that gravitational effects are not created by any force, but find their cause in the curvature of space-time generated by the presence of matter. When gravity increases brutally, as in black holes, it is when these extreme curvatures occur that can be seen in films like Interstellar.

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THOUGHTS OF ALBERT EINSTEIN

THOUGHTS OF ALBERT EINSTEIN

ABOUT ITSELF 

-DO NOT HAVE ANY SPECIAL TALENT. I AM ONLY PASSIONATELY CURIOUS. (TO CARL SEELING, 1952). 

WORK AND SUCCESS 

- IF A IS SUCCESS IN LIFE, THEN A = X AND Z. THE WORK IS THE X, THE GAME THE AND, AND Z IS KEEP YOUR MOUTH SHUT. (PUBLISHED IN THE NEW YORK TIMES, 1929). 

-ONLY A LIFE LIVED FOR OTHERS IS A LIFE THAT IS WORTH (QUOTED IN THE NEW YORK TIMES, 1932). 
APPEARANCE 

- IF YOU WANT TO SEE ME, HERE I AM. IF YOU WANT TO SEE MY CLOTHES, THAT OPEN MY LOCKER. (TOLD TO ELSA, HIS SECOND SPOUSE, SINCE IT SUGGESTED THAT IT BE CHANGED BEFORE RECEIVING A VISIT, 1932) 

EDUCATION 

-DO NOT WORRY ABOUT THE NOTES. MAKE SURE YOU HAVE THE TASKS A DAY AND THAT YOU DON'T HAVE TO REPEAT A YEAR. IT IS NOT NECESSARY TO HAVE GOOD GRADES AT ALL. (TO HIS SON HANS ALBERT, 1916). 

-I THOUGHT A LITTLE T VILL'INK - I WILL THINK A BIT. BANESH HOFFMAN, (THIS IS THE PHRASE THAT EINSTEIN USED HIS BAD ENGLISH WHEN I NEEDED MORE TIME TO THINK ABOUT A PROBLEM. PROPER DICTION IS: I WILL THINK A LITTLE). 

SCIENCE AND RELATIVITY 

- AN HOUR SITTING WITH A PRETTY GIRL ON A PARK BENCH PASSES LIKE A MINUTE, BUT A MINUTE SITTING ON A HOT STOVE SEEMS AN HOUR. (EXPLANATION OF RELATIVITY GIVEN BY EINSTEIN TO HIS SECRETARY HELEN DUKAS SO REPEAT IT TO REPORTERS AND PROFANE IN THE SUBJECT) 

- IT IS DIFFICULT TO TAKE A LOOK AT THE LETTERS OF GOD. BUT THAT HE HAD DECIDED TO PLAY DICE WITH THE WORLD... THAT IS SOMETHING THAT I CANNOT BELIEVE FOR ONE MOMENT. (TO CORNEL LANCZOS, 1942) 
GOD AND RELIGION

 
-NO CAN IMAGINE A GOD WHO REWARDS AND PUNISHES THE OBJECTS OF HIS CREATION. I ALSO BELIEVE THE INDIVIDUAL TO SURVIVE THE DEATH OF THE BODY, WHILE THE WEAK SPIRITS ARGUE THAT IDEA BY FEAR OR A RIDICULOUS SELFISHNESS. FOR ME IT IS ENOUGH TO CONTEMPLATE THE MYSTERY OF CONSCIOUS LIFE PERPERTUANDOSE THROUGHOUT ETERNITY. (OF WHAT I BELIEVE, FORUM AND CENTURY 84, 1930). 

LOVE AND MARRIAGE 


- ONLY MARRIAGE IS SLAVERY WITH CIVILIZED APPEARANCE (QUOTED BY KONRAD WASCHSMANN IN GRÜNING) 

RACES AND PREJUDICE 


- RACE IS A FRAUD. ALL MODERN PEOPLES ARE A CONGLOMERATE OF MANY ETHNIC MIXTURES THAT THERE IS NO PURE-BRED. (IN AN INTERVIEW IN SATURDAY EVENING POST). 

NATIONALISM 


-IS IT POSSIBLE TO BE BOTH. NATIONALISM IS AN INFANTILE DISEASE. IT IS THE MEASLES OF MANKIND. (WHEN ASKED IF I WAS CONSIDERED GERMAN OR JEWISH, 1929).

ATOMIC ENERGY 


- WITH THE EMERGENCE OF NUCLEAR POWER, OUR GENERATION HAS BROUGHT TO THE WORLD THE MOST REVOLUTIONARY FORCE SINCE MAN DISCOVERED FIRE. (IN A LETTER OF SUPPORT TO THE EMERGENCY COMMITTEE OF ATOMIC SCIENTISTS, 1947). 

WAR

-DO NOT KNOW (WHAT WEAPONS WILL BE USED IN THE THIRD WORLD WAR). BUT I CAN TELL YOU WHAT WILL BE USED IN THE FOURTH: STONES! (FROM AN INTERVIEW IN 1949). 

- THE MAN WHO ENJOYS MARCHING IN RANK TO THE RHYTHM OF THE MUSIC HAS ALL MY CONTEMPT. THIS HEROISM TO ORDER, THIS SENSELESS VIOLENCE, THIS DAMN SHOW OF PATRIOTISM WITH WHAT INTENSITY THE CONTEMPT! THE WAR IS LOW AND DESPICABLE, AND I PREFER TO MAKE PIECES TO PARTICIPATE IN SOMETHING SO (WHAT I BELIEVE)

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